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18.2.4.1.2 Method 2: Carbonylation of Amines with Carbon Dioxide

DOI: 10.1055/sos-SD-018-00070

Braverman, S.; Cherkinsky, M.; Birsa, M. L.Science of Synthesis, (20051888.

The obvious drawbacks of the phosgenation route are the highly toxic and corrosive nature of phosgene itself and the forcing conditions usually required for generation of isocyanates. During recent decades a considerable effort has been made in order to develop alternative routes to isocyanates that do not involve the use of the environmentally unacceptable phosgene. Use of carbon dioxide as a phosgene replacement offers the potential for an inexpensive and safer route to isocyanates. One such approach involves reaction of primary amines and carbon dioxide with cobalt or manganese compounds to produce metal N-alkylcarbamate complexes 32, followed by reaction with an acyl halide in the presence of a hydrocarbon solvent to afford the corresponding isocyanates in low to moderate yields (Scheme 25).[‌250‌]

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