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DOI:
10.1055/sos-SD-020-00532
Vanderwal, C. D.; Jacobsen, E. N., Science of Synthesis, (2007) 20, 558.
There are many methods for the homologation of aldehydes and ketones to the chain-extended alk-2-enoic acids. These are mostly based on the aldol-type condensations of activated acetic acid equivalents, and make use of either a second carboxylic acid, or a phosphorus- or silicon-based activating group.