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21.1 Product Class 1: Amides

DOI: 10.1055/sos-SD-021-00002

Mahajan, Y. R.; Weinreb, S. M.Science of Synthesis, (20052117.

General Introduction

The construction of amides is often required in the formation of many important natural and unnatural products. A wide variety of methods has been developed for the synthesis of this functional group array depending on the nature of the substituents around the amide moiety. This contribution focuses primarily on the formation of simple amides with few or no additional functional groups. The contribution is divided into six parts: the first four parts (Sections 21.1.121.1.4) discuss synthetic methods which are dependent on the nature of the precursors used (i.e., carbonic acids and derivatives; carboxylic acids and derivatives; aldehydes, ketones, and derivatives; amines). In the last two parts (Sections 21.1.5 and 21.1.621.1.6), methods based on rearrangement reactions and reactions at or near the amide function are discussed.

Meeeeee 88.8.8 eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee e eeeeeeeee ee MM eeee eeeeeeeee, eeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee ee e MM eeee-eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee eeee. Meeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, e eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee 8 eee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeee-eeeeeeeeeeee ee e eeeee- eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee 8 (Meeeee 8).[‌8‌] Meee eeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee α,β-eeeeeeeeeee γ-eeeeeeeeeeee 8.

Meeeee 8 Meeeeeee-Meeeeeee MeeeeeeeeeMeeeeeeee Meeeeeee[‌8‌]

Mee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, eee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeee e MM ee e MM eeee. Meeeeeeee, eeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeee eeee eee ee eee eeee eeee eee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee, eee eeee eee eeeee eeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeee; eeeeeee, e eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee eeeee 8,8-eeeeeeeee-8,8-eeeeeeeeeeee (8) ee eee eeeeeeee eeee (Meeeee 8).[‌8‌] Meee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee ee eeeeee ee e eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee e Meeeeee eeeee 8, eeeee ee eeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee 8 ee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee. Meeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeee 8 ee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee.

Meeeee 8 Mee ee 8,8-Meeeeeeee-8,8-eeeeeeeeeeee ee e Meeeeeee Meeeeeee Meeeeeeeee[‌8‌]

Meeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee 88.8.8; eeeeeee, ee eeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeeee, eee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeee ee Meeeeee 88.88. Meeee eeee eeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee. Mee eeee eeeeee ee eee Meeeeeeeee eeeeeeee, eeeeeee ee eeeee ee eeee eeeee eeeeee eeee e eeeeeeeeee eeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee e eeeeeeee- ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.[‌8‌] Mee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeee eee eeeee ee eeee eeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeee eeeeee M-eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee Meeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeee eeeee.[‌8‌‌8‌] Me eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee ee 8-(eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeee eeeeeee (8), eeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eee e ee-eeeeee eeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee eeeeeeee (Meeeee 8).[‌8‌]

Meeeee 8 Meeee Meeeeeeee eeee ee Meeee eee 8-(Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeee Meeeeee[‌8‌]

Meeeeeeeeeeeeee M-eeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeee ee eeee-eeeeeeee eeeeee, eee eeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeee eeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eee eeee eeee eeeeee eeee eee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee.[‌8‌] Mee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeee [8+8] eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee.[‌8‌] Meee eeeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeee (Meeeee 8). Meeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee(MMM) eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee. Me eee eeee eeeee ee Meeeee 8, ee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee, eee ee 88% eeeee ee eeeee eeeeeee 8 ee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee(MMM) eeeeeeee.[‌88‌]

Meeeee 8 Meeeeeeeeee ee e Meeeeeee Meeee eeee Meeeeeeeee Meee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee eeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee Meøeeeee ee Meeee eeeee, ee ee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee (e.e., eee Meeeee eeeeeeee). Mee eeeeeeeee eeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, eeee-8-eeee eeeeeeeeee eeee ee 8 eeeee eeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeee ee 88, eeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 88. Meeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeee e eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeee 88 (Meeeee 8).[‌88‌]

Meeeee 8 Meeeee Meeeeeeee ee e Meee-8-eeee Meeeeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee, eeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee, eeee ee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeee, eeeeee, eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee 88.8.8. Me eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee ee e eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeee eeeeee, eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeee. Meee, eeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eeee ee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee(MM) eeeeeee, eeeeeeeee(MM) eeeee, eeeeee eeeeeeee, eee eeeeee, ee eeee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee e eeeeeee, eeeeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee, ee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeee.[‌88‌] Meeeeeeee ee e eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee e eeeeeeeee eeeeee ee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee, e.e. 88, ee eeee eeee ee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeeeee eeeeee eeee ee 88 (Meeeee 8).[‌88‌] Meeee eee eeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeee (8888eee), eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee.

Meeeee 8 Meeee Meeeeeeee eeee Meeeeeeeeeee Meeee Meeeeee Meeeeee Meeeeeeee Me Meee[‌88‌]

Meeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eee MeeeeeMeeee eeeeeeee, eee Meeeeeee eeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee ee eeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee. Meeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eee α-eeeeeeee. Meee, eeeeee 88 (M8=M8=M8=Me) eeeeeee eeeee 88 eee e eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee α-eeeeeeee ee e eeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee (Meeeee 8);[‌88‌] eeeeeee, eeeeee 88 (M8=M8=M; M8=Me), eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee α-eeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeee 88 eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee.[‌88‌]

Meeeee 8 Meeeee Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeee eee Meeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeee ee Meeeeeeeee[‌88‌,‌88‌]

Meeeee eee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee, eeeeee, eeeeee, ee eeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee eeee. Meeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee, 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee, eeeeeee eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeee eeee eeee ee eeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, eeee M-eeeee-M-eeee eeeeeeeee ee M,M-eeeeee eeeeeeeee 88 eee eeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee, M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee 88 eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeeeeeee (Meeeee 8).[‌88‌,‌88‌] Meeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee 88 eeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeee-eeeeeeeee MM eeeeeeee eeeeee eeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee, 88 ee 88, eeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee M ee M. Meeeeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeee, eeee ee M-eeee eeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee 88 eee 88. Meeeee ee 88 eee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeee ee Me8 eeeeeeee eee eeeeee ee MM eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee 88.

Meeeee 8 Meeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeee[‌88‌,‌88‌]

Meeeeee 88.8.8 eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee­eeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeee eeeee eee eee eeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeee; eeeeeee, eeeeeee eeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee 88 ee eeee eeeee (Meeeee 8).[‌88‌] Meee eeeee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee.

Meeeee 8 Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee-eeeee-eeeeeeeee eee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee MM eeeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Me eeee eeeee, eeee eee eeeee eeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee(8) eeeeeeeee. Me eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee e Meee eeeeeeeeeee/eeeeeeeeeeeee/eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee Meeeee 88.[‌88‌] Meee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee e eeeee eeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeee Meee Meeeeeeeeee/Meeeeeeeeeeee/Meeeeeeee Meeeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee ee eee eeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee. Meee eeeeeeeeeee, eeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee 88.8.8, eeeeeeee eeee ee eee eeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee eee Meeeeeee eee eee Meeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee, ee eeee ee eee Meeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeee eeee eeee eeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee. α-Meeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeee. Meeee ee eeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee e eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee e eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee.

Me eee Meeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee, ee α-eeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee e eeee/eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee. Meee eeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeee eee eeeeee. M eeeeeee ee M-eeeeeeeeeeeee, M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee e eeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeee. Me eeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeee 88, ee eeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeee eee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeee 88 eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee.[‌88‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeeee ee ee α-Meeeee α-Meeeeeee Meeeee[‌88‌]

Mee Meeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeee eeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee M-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee ee MM eeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeee eee eee ee eee α-eeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeee eeeeeeee. Meeeeeeee, ee eeeeeee, eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeee eeeeee. Meee eeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeee- eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeee eeeee eee e Meeee eeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee M-eeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee eeee ee 88 eee ee eeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeee (Meeeee 88).[‌88‌,‌88‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeee Meeeeee Meeeeeee eeee e Meeeee Meeee Meeeeee[‌88‌,‌88‌]

Mee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeee ee ee eeeeeeeee eeeee (e.e., eee Meeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee) eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee eeeee. Me eeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88);[‌88‌] eeeeeee, eeee ee eee eeeeee eee eeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee, eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeeee[‌88‌]

Mee eeee eeee ee eee eeeee eeeeeee eeeee, Meeeeee 88.8.8, eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeee-eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee ee M-eeeeeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, eeeeee- eee eeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee, eeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeee. M-Meeeeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee MM eeee eee eeeee e eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee. Meeee eeeee eeeeeeeeee, M-(eeeeeeee)-β-eeeeeee eeee ee 88 eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee M8 ee eee eeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee MM eeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee β-eeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeee ee eee eeeee-eeeeeee, e.e. 88 (Meeeee 88).[‌88‌] Meeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeeee, eee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeee, eee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeee eeeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeee Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeee Meeeeeee ee e M-(Meeeeeee)-β-eeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eee MM eeee ee eeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeee, eeeeeee, eee eeeeeee eeeeeee.[‌88‌,‌88‌] Meeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (88) eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee 88 ee eeeeeeeee, eeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeee eeee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee 88 eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee (Meeeee 88).[‌88‌] Meeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee, eee/ee eeee eeeeee ee e eeeeeeee ee eee eeeee Meeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeeeee ee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eee eeeeee, eeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee. Meeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeeee-eeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee ee 88 eee 88 eee ee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeee ee eee M- eee M-eeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee Meeeee 88.[‌88‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeeee ee M- eee M-Meeeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeee ee eee eeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee, eeeeee-eeeeeeeee-eeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee. M eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeee.[‌88‌,‌88‌] Meee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeee ee 88 eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88). Meee eeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee (8888% eeeee) eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (8888% eeeee ee, 8888% eeeeeeee ee). Mee eeeeeeeee eeeeee 88 eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee, eeeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee ee Meeeee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeee[‌88‌,‌88‌]

References


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