Science of Synthesis

Scholz, U.; Schlummer, B., Science of Synthesis, (2007) 31, 1601.

The aminolysis of phenols is actually one of the large-scale processes for the synthesis of aniline. Activated aluminum oxide catalysts, high temperatures, and a large excess of ammonia allow the formation of aniline from phenol, but with incomplete conversion (‌Scheme 98‌).[‌177‌] When applying higher pressures, the conversion can be shifted to >90%.[‌178‌] Modern catalytic systems are slightly changed and contain niobium oxides[‌179‌] or palladium–tin combinations.[‌180‌]

‌Meeeee 88‌ Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeee eeee Meeeee eee Meeeeee[‌888‌]

Meeeeee, eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee ee e eeee eee eeeeeee. Me ee eeee eeee eee eee eeeeeeeee-eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeee, eee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee 8-eeeeeeeeeeee-8,8-eeee (‌88‌) ee eeee eeeee (‌Meeeee 88‌).[‌888‌]

‌Meeeee 88‌ Meeeeeeee ee 8-Meeeeeeeeeee-8,8-eeee eeee 8,8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeee eee Meeeeee[‌888‌]

8-Meeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee-8-eeeee (‌88‌) eeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee (‌Meeeee 888‌).[‌888‌,‌888‌]

‌Meeeee 888‌ Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeee-8-eeeee eeee 8-Meeeeeee eee Meeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌]

Mee eeeeeee eeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee. Mee Meeeeeee eeeeeeee (‌Meeeee 888‌) eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee ee eee 8-eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee ee e eeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee (e.e., eeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeee). Me eeee eeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeee, eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee, eee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee e eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeee. Me eeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeee eeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee.[‌888‌]

Me eeee eeeee, eee eeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee. Meee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eee-eeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee 8-eeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee (‌88‌) eeee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (‌Meeeee 888‌).[‌888‌]

‌Meeeee 888‌ Meeeeeeee ee Meeeee 8-Meeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee 8,8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee Meee eee Meeeeee[‌888‌]

Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee

Meeeee 8-Meeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee (‌88‌); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

M eeeeeee ee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (8.8 e, 88 eeee), MM8Me (8.8 e, 88 eeee), eee 88% ee MM8 (8 eM) eee eeeeee ee e eeeee eeee ee 888°M eee 88 e. Meeee eeeeeee, eee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeee ee ee MeMM (888 eM). Meeee M8MM8 (8 eM) eee eeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeee eee eeee ee eeeeee eee 88 e. Mee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeee ee ee eee-eeee M8M. Mee eeeeeee eeee eee eeee eeeeeeeee eeee Me8M ee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee. Mee Me8M eee ee-eeeeeeeee eeee 8.8 M M8MM8, eeee eeeee eee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee eeee, eee eM eee eeeeeeee ee 8 eeee eeeee MeMMM8, eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeee MeMMe. Mee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eeeee, eeeee (MeMM8), eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee, MeMMe/MM8Me8) eeee eee eeeeeee; eeeee: 8.88 e (88%); ee 888–888°M.

References

Meeeeee Meeeeeeeeee

• 8.Meeeee-Meee, (8888) 88/8, 888.
• 8.Meeeee-Meee, (8888) 88/8, 888.
• 8.Meeeee-Meee, (8888) M 88e8, 888.