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35.1.5.1.10.1 Variation 1: Intermolecular Additions

DOI: 10.1055/sos-SD-035-00208

Göttlich, R.Science of Synthesis, (200735228.

In principle four different methods exist for the aminochlorination of alkenes (Scheme 61). The first is the addition of an electrophilic nitrogen species to the alkene, followed by a nucleophilic attack of chloride ion. The second is essentially similar, but occurs with inverse polarity; namely, an electrophilic chlorine species attacks the alkene giving an intermediate that is then reacted with an amine. A third variation often involves the addition of a nitrogen-centered radical to an alkene, and the fourth uses a transition-metal catalyst. This final approach requires the aminometalation of the alkene, followed by oxidation at the newly created carbonmetal bond.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeee eee eee Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee

Me eee eeeee eeeeeeee ee β-eeeeeeeeeeee eee eee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee ee e eeeeeeeee eee[‌888‌] eee eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeeee, ee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eee eee eee(eeeeeeeee) ee eeeeeeee-eeee eeeeeee eeee ee α,β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee.[‌888‌] Me eeee eeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eee ee e eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeee eeeeee ee ee e eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee ee 8,8-eeeeeeee ee eee α,β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeee ee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eee. Mee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee ee eeee. Meeee eeeeeeee[‌888‌‌888‌] ee eeeeeeeeeeee[‌888‌‌888‌] eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeee eee ee eeee eeee 88%, ee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee 88 eee 88 eeee eeeeee eee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88). Meeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee. Meee, eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee ee ee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee 88 ee 888 ee 88 eee 88% eeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeee. Meee ee, eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee e Meeee eeee [eeee(MMM) eeeeeeee] ee eeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88).[‌888‌] Meeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eee eee eeee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[‌888‌] eee eeeeeeeeee.[‌888‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeee ee ee Meeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌]

Meeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee ee eeeeeee, eee eee eeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee.[‌888‌‌888‌] Me eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eee-eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eee ee ee M-eeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eee, eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee. Me ee eee ee eee eeeee, eeeeeee, eeeeeee ee eeeee ee e eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeee, eee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeee(eeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeee eeeeee eeee eeeeee ee 88°M ee eee eeee ee eeee eee eeeee eeeeeee 888M eee 888M ee e eeeee ee 8:8, eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee e eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeee 888M eeee eee eeeeeeeeeee 888M (88:8) eeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee 88°M eee eeee ee eee eeee eee eee eee e eeeeee eeee (88 eeeeee 8 eeee) (Meeeee 88).[‌888‌,‌888‌] Meeeeeeeeeeee, eee eee ee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee M-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eee eee eeeeee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeee(eeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeee ee Meeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌]

Mee eeeeeeee eeee ee e eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee ee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee ee e Meeee eeee, eeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeee (ee eee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee), eee eeee eeee eeeee eee eeeeee eeee eeeeeee.[‌888‌] Meeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeee-eeee M-eeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee ee e eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee, eee eee eeee eeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeee,[‌888‌] M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[‌888‌] eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee[‌888‌] eee eeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eee M-eeeeeeeeee eee, ee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeee, eeee e eeeeeeee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee 888 eee 888 (Meeeee 88). Meee e eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeee ee eee eeeeeeee 888 eee 888 eee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.[‌888‌]

Meeeee 88 M-Meeeeeeeee ee e Meeeeeeeee Mee Meeeee[‌888‌]

Mee eeeeeeee ee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee 888 eee 888 ee eeeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee. Meeeee M, eeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee, 888, eee eee eeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee M (eeeeee eeeee), M (eee, ee eee eeee), eee M (eeee eeeee eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee), eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee, eeee eeeeeee eeeeeee (Meeeee 88),[‌888‌] eee eee eeee ee eeee eeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeee eeeee eeee eee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee; eeee, eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee-eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee (M)-eee-8-eee ee (M)-eee-8-eee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee 888M eee 888M, eeeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88) (eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee), eeeeeeeee ee M- ee M-eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee. Me eeeeeee eee eeeee eeee eeeeeee e eeeeeee-eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee e eeee ee eeee.[‌888‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeee ee M-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

Meeeee Meeeeeeeee Meeee (888/888) Mee
M MeMM8MMe8, eeeeeee, eν, ee 8:88 [‌888‌]
M MeMM8MMe8, eeeeeee, eeeeee eeeee, ee 88:88 [‌888‌]
M MeMM8MMe8, eeeeeee, eee, eeee, ee 88:88 [‌888‌]
M MeMM8MMe8, eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee, eeeeeee, ee 88:88 [‌888‌]

Mee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee-M ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee e eeeee M-eeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee ee eeeeeee eeeeeee. Meee eeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee e eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee-M eee eee eeeeee.[‌888‌] Meeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee 8-eeeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eee eeeeeee 888 (Me8=Me) eee 888 (Me8=8-M8MM8M8), eeeeeeeeeeee; eeeeeee, ee eee eeee ee eeeeeeee-eeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eee, eee eeeeeee, eee eeeeee 888 (Me8=8-MeMM8M8) ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88). M eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee-eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeee 888 ee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee 888 (Meeeee 88). Me eeeeeee, eeee eeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeee β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee Meeeee Meeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee-M ee Meeeeeee Meeeeee[‌888‌]

Meeeeeee eeeeeeee[‌888‌] eeee ee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee β-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee.[‌888‌‌888‌] Meeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeee, eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee,[‌888‌] eeee eeeeeee eee(eeeeeeeeeeeee) eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeee eeeee.[‌888‌] Meee eeee eeee ee eeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeee eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee ee ee eee eee eeeee.[‌888‌] Me eeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee 8-eeeeeeeee-8-eee, eeeee eeeee eee eeee-Meeeeeeeeee eeeeee 888 ee 88% eeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee ee 88°M (Meeeee 88).[‌888‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee ee Meeeee[‌888‌]

Meeeee eeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeee ee eeee β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee;[‌888‌‌888‌] eeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeee,[‌888‌] eee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee e eeeeee eeeeeeee eee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee, ee eeeee ee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeee, eee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee. Meee, ee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeee 888 (Meeeee 88). Meeeeee, ee eeeee eeee ee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee-eeee α,β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee eeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeee eeee eee eeee eeeee ee Meeeee 88, eee eeee eee eee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee. Meee eeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee, eee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee ee ee eeeeeeeee, eeee ee eee eeee eee ee eeeeee β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌]

Meeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeee eeee eeeeee, eeeeeeeee ee eee Meeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, eee ee eeee.[‌888‌] Mee eeee ee eee Meeee eeee eee ee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee ee eeeeee, eee eeee ee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee eeeeee. Meeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeee eee, eeeeee eeeee eeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeee eeeee ee e β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeee. Meeeee eeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee ee β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeee ee eeeeeee, eee eeeeee ee eee β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeee, eeee 88 ee 88%. Me eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee(MMM) eeeeeee, ee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, ee eeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee,[‌888‌] eee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eee eee eee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee 888 (Meeeee 88) eee eeee ee eeee ee e eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeee ee eeeee 88%.[‌888‌,‌888‌] Me eeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeee eeee ee eeeeeee ee ee ee eee-eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeee,[‌888‌] eeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeee eee e eeeeeeee ee e eeeeeeeeee eee eeee eee eeeeeee (eeee eeee eeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeee).[‌888‌] Mee eeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeee 888 eeeeeeee eeee ee eeeee eeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 M Meeeeeeeeeeee Meeee eee Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeee[‌888‌]

Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee e MMe eeee eee e eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee;[‌888‌] eeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee. Meeee eeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee, eeeee eeee ee ee eeeeeee, eeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeee;[‌888‌] ee eeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee ee eeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeee eeeeeee ee e eeeeee ee eeeeeee.[‌888‌‌888‌] Mee eeeeeeeee eeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeee eeee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee-eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeee eeee.[‌888‌,‌888‌,‌888‌] Meeee eeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee. Me eeee eee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeee eeee eee eeeee ee Meeeee 88; eeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eee, ee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeee-8,8-eeeee, eee eeeeeee 888 ee eeeeee ee 8,8-eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee. Meee eeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee, ee ee eeeeeeeee eeeee Meeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeee,[‌888‌] ee eeeee eeeeeee eee eeee ee eeeee e eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee eeeee Meeeee Meeeeeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌]

Meee(MM) eee eeeeee(M) eeeee eeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee.[‌888‌,‌888‌] Mee eeee-eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeee eeeee eeee e eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee. Meee, eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee e eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee (e.e., eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee), ee ee eeee-eeeeeeee eeeeeeee e eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeee. Mee eeeee eee eeeeee eeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeee ee ee eeeee-eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee, eeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeee ee eeeeee(MM) eeeeeeee.[‌888‌] Mee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee e eee-eeeeeeee ee ee eeee(MM) eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee ee eeee(MMM) eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee 888, eeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee e eeeeeeee eeee ee eee eeee ee e eee-eeeeee eeeeee (Meeeee 88). Meeeeee, ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eeee eeeeeeee eee eee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Mee Meeeeeee ee M-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeee ee eee Meeeeeee ee Meee(MM) Meeeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌]

Meeeeeeee eee ee eee eeeee eeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee; eee eeeeeee, ee eeeeee eeeeeee, ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee. Meee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eee M-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee. Meeeeeeee eeeeee eee eee eeee ee eeee eeee eeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeee eeeeee eee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee.[‌888‌,‌888‌] Mee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeee eee eee MM-eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee ee M-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee,[‌888‌] eee eeeeeeee eeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeee eee eeeee eeee eeee eeeee,[‌888‌,‌888‌,‌888‌‌888‌] eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeee M-eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee(MM) eeeeeeee (ee e eeeeee-eeeeeeee eeeee, eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee)[‌888‌,‌888‌] eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee.[‌888‌] Mee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee-eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee, ee eeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee.[‌888‌,‌888‌,‌888‌] Meeeeeeeee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee M-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eee eeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee, M,8,8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee e 88% eeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee 888, eeeeeee e eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeee 888 ee 88% eeeee. Meeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee e 88% eeeee ee eee eeeeeee 888 ee e eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88). Meeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee ee M-eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeee 8,8-eeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeee eee e eeeeeee eeeeeeee,[‌888‌] eee eeeeeeeee ee M-[8-(eeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeeeeeeee]eeeeeeeee (888), ee eeee ee M-(8-eeeeeeeeee-8-eeee)eeeeeeeee (888), eeee e eeeeeeee ee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeee-8,8-eeeee (Meeeee 88) eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeee, eeee eee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeeee eeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee M-eeeeee-8,8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee. Me eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee.[‌888‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌,‌888‌]

M,M-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee.[‌888‌‌888‌] Mee eeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeee; eeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee, β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eee β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee. Meeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.[‌888‌‌888‌] Mee eeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeee eeee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee eee M-eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeee, eee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee.[‌888‌,‌888‌] Me eee eeeee eeee, M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eee ee eeeee ee eeeeeee ee eeee eeeeee.[‌888‌,‌888‌] Me eeee eeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee ee ee eeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeee, eeeeeeeee ee eeee eeee eee eeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eee ee 88°M; eee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee Meeeee 88. Me eee eeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeee-8,8-eeeee eee eeeeeee 8,8-eeeeee 888 ee eeeeeeee ee 88% eeeee.[‌888‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeee Meeeeeeee ee M,M-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee Meeeee ee Meee-8,8-eeeee[‌888‌]

M-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee[‌888‌] ee eeee ee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌] eee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee[‌888‌] eee ee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee M-eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee. Meeeeee, M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeeeee, ee eeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeee e eeeeee eeeeee eeeeee, eeeee ee eeee ee eeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee;[‌888‌] eeeeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee.

Meeeee(M) eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeee eeeeee eeee eeee eeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee α,β-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Mee eeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeee; eeee ee eeee eeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eee eeee ee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee. Meee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee 888, 888, eee 888 eee eeeee ee Meeeee 88.[‌888‌‌888‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeee-Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee[‌888‌,‌888‌]

M eeeeeeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee[‌888‌] eee ee eeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeee.[‌888‌]

Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee

8,8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee (88); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

MMMMMMM: Meeeeeee ee e eeeeee eeeee eee, eeeee eeeeee eee ee eeeeeee.

Me8 (8.88ee, 88.8eee) eee eeeeeeeeeeee (8.88ee, 88eee) eeee eeeee eeee 8e ee e eeee ee MeMe8 (888e, 8.88eee) ee MeMM (8.8M, 88eee) eeee ee 88 ee 8°M. Mee eeeeee MeMM eee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee; eeeee: 8.88ee (88%); ee 8888°M/88Meee.

8-Meeeee-M,M-eee(eeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeee-8-eeeee (888M) eee 8-Meeeee-M,M-eee(eeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeeeeeeee (888M); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

MMMMMMM: Meeeeeeee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee ee eeeeee ee eee eee ee eee eeeeeeeee.

M eeeeeee ee (M8M)8MMe (8.88e, 88.8eeee) eee eeeeeee (8.88e, 88eeee) eeee eeeeee ee e Meeee eeee eeeee eeeeee eee eeee ee 88°M eee 8e ee eee eeee. Mee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee MMM ee eeee 888M; eeeee: 8.88e (88%); eee 888M; eeeee: 8.88e (88%).

M-(8-Meeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeee)-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (888, Me8=Me); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

MMMMMMM: Meeeeeeee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee ee eeeeee ee eee eee ee eee eeeeeeeee.

M eeeeeeee eee, eeeeeeeeee-M (888ee, 8.88eeee), eeeeeee (888ee, 8.88eeee), eee eeeeeee (8eM) (MMMMMMM: eeeeeeeeee) eeee eeeeee ee e eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee (eeeeeeee 88eM). Mee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eee eeeeee eeee MM8 (8×) eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee MM8 (88 eee). Mee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeee eee 8e, eee eeee, eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee MM8, 8.8M ee Me8M8M8 (88eM) eee eeeee, eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeee eeee MM8Me8 (8×888eM). Mee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeee (Me8MM8) eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee) ee eee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeee eeeeeeee; eeeee: 888ee (88%).

8-Meeeee-8-eeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeee (888); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

88% ee MMe (888eM, 8.8eee) eee eeeee eeeeeeee eeee 8e ee e eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee MeMM8 (888e, 8.8eee) ee 8-eeeeeeeee-8-eee (888eM, 88e, 8.88eee) eee MeMM (888eM) eeeeeeeeee ee 88 ee 8°M. Meeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeee 8e, eee eeeeeee eee eeeeee eeee eeee M8M (8M) eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeee eee. Mee eeeee eee eeeeee eeee eeee M8M eee eeeee (88°M) ee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee; eeeee: 888e (88%); ee 8888°M.

(M)-8-Meeeee-M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee-8-eeeeeee (888); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

M eeeeeee ee Me8MM (88e, 8.88eee) eee MMM (88e, 8.88eee) ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeee eee 8e. Mee eeeeee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeee ee Me8MM eeee 8.8M M8MM8, eeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eee eeeee (Me8MM8). Mee eeee M-eeeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeee M8MM8 (8×88eM eee 8×88eM), eee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee (ee eeeeee eeeeeee) eee eeee eeeee ee MeMM (888eM). Mee eeee eee eeeee eeee M8 eee 88eee, eee eeee eeeeeeeee-8,8-eeeee (88e, 8.88eee) eee eeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee 88eee, eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eee eeee ee 8°M. Mee eeeeeee eee eeeeee eeee M8M (888eM) eee eee (888e). M eeeee eeeeee ee ee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee eee eeee eee eeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee eeee 88M MeMM eeeeeee ee eee ee eeee. Meee eee eeeeeeeee eeee Me8M, eee eeeeeee eee eeeee, eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee. Mee eeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee; eeeee: 88.8e (88%).

M-(8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeeeeeeee (888); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

M eeee ee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (888ee, 8.8eeee) ee MM8Me8 (88eM) eee eeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeee, eeeee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeee. M8 eee eeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeee eee 88eee, eee eeee eeeeeeeeeee (8eM, 88eeee) eee eeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee 88eee, eee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeee (eeeeeeeeee λ=888ee) eeeee e eeee eeeeee ee M8 eee eeeeeee eeeeeee ee. Meee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeee e eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee (8e), eee eeee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeee e eeeeeee, eeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee; eeeee: 888ee (88%).

M-Meeeee-M-[(M)-8-eeeeeeeee-8-eeee]eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (888); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

8.8M MMe8 (8.88eeee) ee eeeeee (8.88eM) eee eeeee eeeeeeee ee e eeee ee M,M-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (888ee, 8.8eeee) eee eeee-8,8-eeeee (888ee, 8.8eeee) ee eeeeeee (8eM) ee 88°M. Meeee eeeeeeee eee 8e, eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeee eee eeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee; eeeee: 888ee (88%).

M-[(8M*,8M*)-8-Meeeeee-8-eeeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeee]-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (888); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

M eeee ee MeMMe8 (888ee, 8.8eeee) ee MeMM (8.8eM) eee eeeee eeeeee eeee 88eee ee 8°M eeeee eeeee ee (M)-8,8-eeeeeeeeeeee-8-eeeee (888ee, 8.8eeee), 8-Å eeeeeeeee eeeeee (8.88e), MeMMeeeeeeee eeeeeee (88ee, 8.8eeee), eee MeMM (8.8eM) eeeeeeeee ee e eee eeee. Mee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee ee 8°M eee 8e, eee eeee ee ee eee 888e. Mee. ee Me8MM8 (8eM) eee eeeee, eee eeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeee MeMMe (8×88eM). Mee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eeeee eee eeeee (Me8MM8), eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee. Mee eeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee.

References


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