Science of Synthesis

Griesbeck, A. G.; Soldevilla, A., Science of Synthesis, (2008) 43, 369.

Cross-coupling reactions without a copper cocatalyst may be carried out under aerobic conditions; in the absence of copper, the copper-mediated oxidative homocoupling, which is a problem in traditional Sonogashira couplings, is no longer an issue (see examples mentioned in Section ‌43.6.1.3.5‌).[‌88‌] Moreover, water can be used as an environmentally friendly solvent. Copper-mediated Sonogashira reactions in water are discussed in Section ‌43.6.1.3.4.4‌, and aqueous reactions in the absence of a copper(I) cocatalyst are discussed here. As in a previous example,[‌75‌] the coupling of peptidic molecules, forming an arylalkyne motif, is possible,[‌93‌] using a trisulfonated phosphine ligand and a palladium(0) source.

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References