Science of Synthesis

Griesbeck, A. G.; Soldevilla, A., Science of Synthesis, (2008) 43, 371.

Palladium(0) nanoparticles are known to exhibit strong catalytic activity, mainly due to their large surface area. They are efficient catalysts for many C—C couplings, including Sonogashira-type reactions.[‌99‌] Palladium nanoparticles can be stabilized by additives such as trialkylammonium salts or poly(ethylene glycols), which can act as ligands surrounding the dispersed nanoparticles and thus minimize their tendency to undergo agglomeration.[‌100‌]

Mee eee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeee ee eeeeeeeee(8) eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee, eee Meeeeeeeeee eeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee.[‌888‌] Meee eeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee(8) eeee ee eee eeeeeee, eeee eeee eeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee.[‌888‌]

Meeeeeeee(8) eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeee [ee eeeeeee e eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee(eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeeeeee(8), eeeee(eeeeeeee eeeeee), eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee(MM) eeeeeeeeeeee] eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee e eeeeee eeeeee (ee e eeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeeeeeeeee) ee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeee-eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee 8-eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee/eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee e eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee 888°M eee eeeeeeeee.[‌888‌] Me eeeee ee ‌Meeeee 88‌, eeeeeeeee(8) eeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeee(eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee) (MMM), eeeeeeee eee eeeeee- eee eeeeee-eeee Meeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeee- eee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ‌88‌; eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeee ee eee eeee, eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee 88°M. Mee eeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeeee eee ee eeeeee.[‌888‌]

‌Meeeee 88‌ Meeee Meeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeee eee Meeeeeee Meeeeee Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeeee[‌888‌]

‌Meeeeeeeeee 88‌

Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee

Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee ‌88‌; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌888‌]

Meeeeeeeeee ee Me/MMM: Me(MMe)8 (88 ee) eee eeeee ee e eeee ee MMM (MM 88,888; 8.8 e) ee MeMM (888 eM) eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeee M8 eee 8 e. Mee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee Meeeee Meeeeeeee (8.8 ee), eee MeMM eee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Meee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee(8) eeeeeeeee ee eeee-eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeee eeeeeeee 8 ee).

Meeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee Me/MMM: Meeee M8, ee eeee-eeeee, eeeee-eeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeee eeee Me/MMM (8.888 e ee 8% Me/MMM; 8.88 ee Me), M8MM8 (888 ee, 8.8 eeee), eeeeeeeee (8.8 eeee), eeeeeeee eeeeee (8.8 eeee), eee MeMM (8 eM). Mee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee 88°M eee 8 e. Meeee eeeeeee ee ee, Me8M (88 eM) eee eeeee eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eee 88 eee ee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeee Me/MMM. Me Me/MMM eee eeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeee, eee eeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeee Me8M (8 × 8 eM). Mee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeee (Me8MM8) eee eeeeeeeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee).

Meeeeeeee ee Me/MMM: Meeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeee eeee eee Meeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee, eeeeeeeeee M8MM8 (888 ee, 8.8 eeee) eee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee Me/MMM eee eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee Meeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeee.

References