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1.9.1.9 Hydroformylation Using Phosphorus Amide/Amidite Ligands

DOI: 10.1055/sos-SD-201-00223

van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M.Science of Synthesis: Stereoselective Synthesis, (20111432.

Phosphorus amide and amidite ligands have become useful and popular ligands in asymmetric metal catalysis since the beginning of the 21st century. An amine group next to phosphorus offers the advantage that it carries one more substituent in the vicinity of the metal atom than oxygen, and although it has one substituent less than carbon, modular replacement is much easier at nitrogen than replacement at carbon. The electronic properties induced by nitrogen on the phosphorus donor ligand vary from oxygen-like to carbon-like, depending on the substituents at nitrogen. Pyrrole groups for instance, are strongly electron withdrawing, comparable to fluoro-substituted alkoxy groups, whereas dialkylamino groups resemble phenyl groups in the resulting electronic properties of the phosphines.

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