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Clapés, P.; Fessner, W. -D., Science of Synthesis: Stereoselective Synthesis, (2011) 2, 685.
The biochemical route to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (1) is based on enzymatic phosphoryl transfer to dihydroxyacetone (10, DHA) by ATP-dependent kinases with in situ cofactor regeneration. This procedure gives a product that can either be isolated in relatively high purity (80–90%) or used in situ. Three approaches are described in the literature (Schemes 6–8). In the first approach (Scheme 6), which shows the synthesis of d-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate (11), glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) accepts dihydroxyacetone (10) as a substrate analogue.[22,23] The reaction includes a cofactor-recycling scheme using 2-(phosphonooxy)prop-2-enoic acid (12) (or acetyl phosphate) as the ultimate phosphoryl donor and can be scaled up efficiently to the mole scale without difficulty. The enzymatic procedure using 2-(phosphonooxy)prop-2-enoic acid (12) as the ultimate phosphorylating agent is somewhat more convenient because 2-(phosphonooxy)prop-2-enoic acid (12) has greater stability in solution than acetyl phosphate. The procedures are otherwise comparable. The disadvantages are the need for a separate preparation of the phosphate donor [2-(phosphonooxy)prop-2-enoic acid or acetyl phosphate], and complications arising during the purification of aldol adducts from the side products released stoichiometrically during ATP regeneration (pyruvate or acetate).[24,25]
Meeeee 8 Meeeeeeee Mee-Mee Meeeeeeee ee e-Meeeeeee 8,8-Meeeeeeeeeee[88,88]
Mee eeeeee eeeeeeee (Meeeee 8), eeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee (M)-8,8-eeeeeee-8-(eeeeeeeeeeeeee)-8-eeeeee-e-eeeee-eee-8-ee-8-eeeee 8-eeeeeeeee (88), ee eeeeeee ee eee eeeee eee eee eeee ee MMM-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeee Meeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeee ee MMM eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeee (MM) eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eee eee eee ee e eee-eee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeee [e.e., eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee (8), eeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee] eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee.[88,88]
Meeeee 8 Meeeeeeeeee Meeeee eee eee Me Meee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee eee Meeee Meeeeeee Meeeeeee ee Meeee 8-Meeeee-8-eeeeee-8-eeeeee Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeee 8,8-Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeee[88]
Mee eeeee eeeeeeee (Meeeee 8) ee eeeee ee eee eeeeeee ee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee Meeeeeee eeeeeeee (MeeM-Me) ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (88) eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee (MMe) ee eee eeeeeeeee eeeee.[88] Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee (8) eeeeeeeee ee eeee eee ee eeee eee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee ee 8,8-eeeeeee-e-eeeee-eee-8-eeeee (88) eeeee eeeeeeee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee (MeeM) eeee eeeeee eeeeee (MMMM). Me eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee ee eeee ee eee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeee ee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (88) ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee (8). Meeee, eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeee ee eee eee, ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (88).
Meeeee 8 Me Meee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eee Meeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee eee Meeee Meeeeeee Meeeeeee ee Meeeeeee Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeee 8,8-Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeee[88]
Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee
Meeeeeee(eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee) Meee ee e-Meeeeeee 8,8-Meeeeeeeeeee (88):[88,88]
Me eeeeeee eeee (888 eM) ee MMM (88; 8.88 e, 88 eeee), 8-(eeeeeeeeeeee)eeee-8-eeeee eeee (88; 88.88 e, 88 eeee), eee MMM (8.88 e, 8.8 eeee) eee eeeeeeee ee eM 8.8 ee eee eeeeeeee ee 8 M MeMM. MeMe8 (8.88 e, 8 eeee) eee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee (88 µM, 8.8 eeee) eeee eeeee, eee eee eeee eee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Meeeeeee eeeeee (MM; 888 M) eee eeeeeeee eeeeee (MM; 888 M) eeee eeeeeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee eeeee ee 88 °M eee 88 e, eeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee MMMM (8) eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eee MMMM (8), 8-(eeeeeeeeeeee)eeee-8-eeeee eeee (88), eee eeeeeeee. MMM (8888 M) eee eeeeeeee MeeM (888 M) eeee eeeee, eee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eee e eeeeeee 88 e, eeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eee e-eeeeeeee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeee (8) ee e ~ 8:8 eeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee, ee-eeeeeeeeeeeeee (8.88 e, 8 eeee), MeeM (888 M), eee MMM (888 M) eeee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, ee e-eeeeeeee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeee (8) eee eeeeeeeeee ee MMM ee eeeeeeeee eeeee. Meee e eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeee 8,8-eeeeeeee-8,8-eeeeeee-8,8-eeeeeeeeee M-88-M-88-eeeeeeeeeeee (8) eee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eee eM ee eee eeeeeeee ee 8.8 eee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeee (88 M) ee 88 °M eee 8 e. Mee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee ee eeeee-eeeeeeee eeeee (Meeee MM e-M8, MMM− eeee; 8 × 88 ee). Mee eeeeee eee eeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee M8M (8 eee eeeeeee), eeee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeee ee e eeeeeeee eeee 8 ee 8.8 M ee e Me8MM•MMM8 eeeeee eeee (888 eM). Meee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee, eeeeee eeeeeee e Meeee MM 88M-M8 (M+) eeeeee, eeeeeeeeeee eeee MeMM8, eeeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (MeMM); eeeee: 88.88 e (88%); [α]M +8.8 (e 8, M8M).
(M)-8,8-Meeeeee-8-(eeeeeeeeeeeeee)-8-eeeeee-e-eeeee-eee-8-ee-8-eeeee 8-Meeeeeeee (88); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[88]
MMM (88; 888 ee, 8 eeee), eeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee (8.8 e, 8 eeee), MeMM8 (88 ee, 8.88 eeee), MMMM (88 M), eee MM (888 M) eeee eeeeeeeee ee e 8.88 M MMMMM eeeeee eeee (88 eM, eM 8.8). MMM eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee (888 ee, 8.8 eeee) eee eeeee, eee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee. Meee MMMM eeeeeeeeeeee eee >88%, eee eM eee eeeeeeee ee 8.8, eee eeeee 8-eeeeee-8-eeeeee-8-eeeeee (888 ee, 8.8 eeee) eee MeeM eeee eeeeee eeeeee (MMMM, 888 M) eeee eeeee. Meeee 8 e ee eeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee MeeM (888 M) eee eeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeee-eeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee (8.88 M) (eee eeeee). Mee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee MMMM ee e Meeeeeeeeeee Mee88 eeeeee (88 × 8.88 ee; eeeeeeee eeeeeeee 8 µe) eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee (M: 8.8% e/e MMM ee M8M; M: MeMM; 88% M eeeeee 8 eee, 8.8 eM · eee−8, MM eeeeeeeee 888 ee); eeeee: 88%; [α]M88 −8.88 (e 8.8, M8M). Mee eeeeee ee MMMM (8) eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee ee MMMM (8), eeeeeeeee ee α-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee (α-MMM) eeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee MMMM ee MMM+, eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee 888 ee. Mee eeeeee eeee eee ee ee, eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee 888 ee eee 88 eee ee e eeeeeee (8 eM) eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee, 8.88 M Meee-MMe eM 8.8 eeeeee, MMMM eeeeeeeeeee eeee (8.88 ee, 8.8 µeee), eee α-MMM/MMM (8 M). Mee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee MMM eeeeeeeeeee, MMMM (8.888 M), MMM eeeeeeee eeee (8.8 ee, 8 µeee), eee MeMM8 (8.88 ee, 8.88 µeee) eeee eeeee ee eee eeeeeee.
8,8-Meeeeee-e-eeeee-eee-8-eeeee (88); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[88]
MeMMM (88.88 ee, 8 eeee), MMM (88; 888.8 ee, 8 eeee), Me8M8M8M8 (MMe; 888 ee, 8.8 eeee), eee MeeM eeee eeeeee eeeeee (MMMM, 88 eeeee) eeee eeeeeeeee ee e 8.8 M eeeeeee eeeeee eeee (88 eM, eM 8.8). MeeM-Me (8 µM, 88 µe · eM−8, 88 M · ee−8[88]) eee eeeee eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeee ee 88 °M. Meeee 8 e eee 8 e, eeeeeeeeee MMe (888 e, 8.8 eeee) eee eeeee, eee eee eM eee eeeeeeee ee 8.8 eeee 8 M MeMM. Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeee 88 e. Mee eeee eee eeeeee-eeeee, eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeee MeMM eeeeeeeee). Mee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee, MeMMe/MeMM 88:8). Mee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeee eee; eeeee: 88 ee (88% eeeee ee MeMMM); >88% eeee ee MMMM.
References
[22] | Meee, M.-M.; Meeeeeeeee, M. M., M. Mee. Meee., (8888) 88, 8888. |
[23] | Meeee, M. M.; Meeeeeeeee, M. M., M. Me. Meee. Mee., (8888) 888, 8888. |
[24] | Meeeeee, M.-M.; Meeeeee, M., Meeee. Meee., (8888) 888, 88; Meeee. Meee. Mee. Me. Meee., (8888) 88, 88. |
[25] | Meeeeee, M.; Meeeeeee, M.; Meeeeee, M.-M., Meeeeeeee. Mee., (8888) 888, 888. |
[26] | Máeeeee-Meeeee, M.; Meeeeeeee Meeeíe-Meeeíe, M.; Meeeeee, M.; Meeeíe-Meeeeee, M., Meee. Meeeee. (Meeeeeeee), (8888), 8888. |
[27] | Máeeeee-Meeeee, M.; Meeeeeee, M.; Meeeeüee, M. M.; Meeeíeee, M. M.; Meeeáeeee-Meeeeeeee, M.; Meeeíe-Meeeeee, M., Mee. Meeee. Meeee., (8888) 888, 8888. |
[28] | eee Meee, M.; Meeeee, M. M.; Meeeeeeeee, M. M.; Meeee, M., M. Mee. Meee., (8888) 88, 8888. |
[29] | Meeeee, M.; Meeee, M.; Meeeee, M. M.; eee Meee, M.; Meeee, M., Mee. Meeeee. Meee., (8888) 8, 8888. |