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3.1.1.1.3.2.1 Reaction Using Palladium Catalysis

DOI: 10.1055/sos-SD-209-00042

Zhang, M.; Su, W.Science of Synthesis: Cross Coupling and Heck-Type Reactions, (20133113.

The palladium(II) trifluoroacetate catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of arenecarboxylic acids with alkenes was the first example of the synthesis of substituted alkenes by this method. Under optimized conditions using silver(I) carbonate as an additive, various arenecarboxylic acids, including sterically demanding 2,6-disubstituted benzoic acids (and some hetarenecarboxylic acids), smoothly undergo decarboxylative coupling to give alkenes 20 in good yields. Several types of substrate are used successfully in this process, including acrylates and styrenes, as well as ethyl (E)-but-2-enoate and even cycloalk-2-en-1-ones (Scheme 10).[‌15‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeee-8-ee-8-eeee eeee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

Me8 M8 M8 e Meee (°M) Meee (e) Meeee (%) Mee
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M M 8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-M8M8M8 M M 8 888 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M M 8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M M 8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M eMe 8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 Me Me 8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
M M 8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
M M 8 888 8.8 88 [‌88‌]

Mee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee e eee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeee(M) eeeeeeeee eeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee. Me eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeee(M) eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee.[‌88‌] Mee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee-8-eeeeeeeeee eeee, eeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeee. Mee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee ee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee, eeeeeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeee, eeeeeee, eee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeeee, ee ee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee-eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee ee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88). Mee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee 88 eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eee α-eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeeee, e.e. eeeeeeee eeeeeee 88 eee 88 eee eeeeeeee eeeeee 88, ee eeee ee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeee-eeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeeee eeee e eeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee α-eeeeeeee eeee eeeee ee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee ee 8888, eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeee eeee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeee Meeee Meeee-8,8-eeeeeee eee Meeeeeeeee-8-eeeeeeeeee Meee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

Me8 M8 Meeeee (88/88/88) Meeeee (%) Mee
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 MM(MM8Me)8 88:8:8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 MM(MM8Me)8 88:8:8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 8-MeMM8M8 8:88:8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 MMe 88:8:8 88 [‌88‌]
MMMeMM8Me 8.8:8:8.8 88 [‌88‌]
MM(MM8Me)8 8 [‌88‌]

e Meeee (M/M) >88:8 eee 88 eee 88 ee eeeeeeeeee ee 8M MMM; ee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeee.

e Meeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee.

Meeeeeeeeee 88M

Me8 Meeeee (88/88/88/Meeee Meeeeee) Meeeee (%) Mee
8.8:8.8:8:8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88:8:8:8 88 [‌88‌]

e Meeee (M/M) >88:8 eee 88 ee eeeeeeeeee ee 8M MMM.

e Meeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee.

Meeeeeeeeee 88M

Me8 M8 Meeeee (%) Mee
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 Me 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 MM8eMe 88 [‌88‌]

e Meeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee; eeeee (M/M) >88:8 ee eeeeeeeeee ee 8M MMM; ee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeee.

Me eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee-eeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee e eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeee(MM) eeeeeeee ee e eeeeeeee eee e eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee.[‌88‌] Meee eeeeeeee eeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee-eeee eeeeeeeee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee, eeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee [Me(MMe)8 (8 eee%), MeM8 (8 eeeee), eeeeee[8,8-e]eeeeeeee (8 eee%), eee eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee (8.8 eeeee)], eeeeeee eeeeeee 88 eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee, eeeeeeee eeeeee, eee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eee M-eeeeeee 88 ee eeee eeeeee eee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88). Meeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee 8-eeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeee e eeeee-eeeee ee eee 8- ee 8-eeeeeeee, e.e. 88 (Me8 = 8-M8MM8M8), ee eee eeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee eeee 8-eeeeeee ee 8-eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee, e.e. 88 (Me8 = 8-MeMM8M8, 8-MM8M8), eeee eee eeeeee ee eeee eeeeeee, eee eeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee-Meeeeeeee Meeeeeee ee Meeeeeeee 8-Meeeeeeeeeeeee eeee Meeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

Me8 M8 Meeeee (%) Mee
8-M8MM8M8 Me 88 [‌88‌]
8-M8MM8M8 8-Mee 88 [‌88‌]
8-M8MM8M8 MM8e-Me 88 [‌88‌]
8-M8MM8M8 MM8Me 88 [‌88‌]
8-M8MM8M8 MM8Me 88 [‌88‌]
8-M8MM8M8 MM8Me 88 [‌88‌]
8-M8MM8M8 M(M)MMeMe 88 [‌88‌]
Me 88 [‌88‌]
Me 88 [‌88‌]
Me 88 [‌88‌]
Me 88 [‌88‌]
Me 88 [‌88‌]
8-M8MM8M8 Me 8 [‌88‌]
8-MM8M8 Me 8e [‌88‌]
8-MeMM8M8 Me 8e [‌88‌]

e Meeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee.

e Meeee eeeeeeeeee ee MM.

Me eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeee-eeee eee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee, eeeeeee eee eeee eee e eeeeee ee eeeeee eeee, eeee eeeeeeee ee eeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee. Me eee eeee eeee eeeee eeee, eee ee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee-eeee eee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeee. Mee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeee(MM) eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee-eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee/eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee 888 °M ee eeee eeeeee (M)-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 88 (Meeeee 88).[‌88‌] Me eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee ee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee-eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee ee ee eeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeee ee Meeeeeee-Meee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeee eeee Meeeee Meeeeeee eeeee Meeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

Me8 Me(MMe)8 (eee%) M8 (eee) Meeeee (%) Mee
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 8 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 8 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 8 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-M8M8M8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-M8M8M8 88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
8 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]
88 8.8 88 [‌88‌]

e Meeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee.

Meeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeeee (M)-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 88 eeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee(MM) eeeeeee eee eee M-eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee 8,8-eee(8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee)-8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee (88) eeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee 888–888 °M (Meeeee 88).[‌88‌]

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeee ee Meeeeeee-Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeee eeee Meeee Meeeeeeee eeeee Meeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

Me8 M8 Meee Meee (°M) Meeee (%) Mee
8,8-M8M8M8 Me MMMe 888 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-Me8M8M8 eMe M8MM8 888 88 [‌88‌]
eMe M8MM8 888 88 [‌88‌]
eMe M8MM8 888 88 [‌88‌]

Mee eeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeee 88 eee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee-eeee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee. M eeeee eeeee ee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee- eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee ee eeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeee, ee e eeeee eeeee eeeee M-eeeeeee 88, eeeee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee 88 eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeee e eeeee ee e eee eeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeee e eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee, eeeeeeee M-eeeeeee eeee ee 88 eeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee ee 88 eee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee ee 88 eeeee eeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeee ee Meeeeee eeee 8,8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeee Meee eeeee Meeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

M8 Meeeee (%) Mee
MM8eMe 88 [‌88‌]
8-MM8M8 88 [‌88‌]
M8M8 88 [‌88‌]
Me 88 [‌88‌]
8-MeMM8M8 88 [‌88‌]
Mee 88 [‌88‌]
MMeee 88 [‌88‌]

e Meeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee [eeeee (M/M) >88:8].

Meeeeeeeeee 88M

M8 M8 Meeeee (%) Mee
Me MM8Me 88 [‌88‌]
Me Me 88 [‌88‌]

e Meeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee [eeeee (M/M) >88:8].

Mee eeeeeeeee ee eeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee 88 eee e eeeeeeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee-eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeee eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee ee eeeeeee-8,8-eeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88).[‌88‌] Mee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee(MM) eeeeeee eeeeeeee (88 eee%) eee ee eeeeee ee eeeeee(M) eeeeeeeee (8 eeeee) eee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeee, eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee 8,8-eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eee eee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee, eee ee eeee eeeee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee.

Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee Meee-Meeeeeeeeee Meeee-8,8-eeeeeee Meeeeeeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

Me8 M8 M8 M8 Meeeee (%) Mee
M M M 88 [‌88‌]
M M M 88 [‌88‌]
M M M 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M M M 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M M M 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M M M 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M M M 88 [‌88‌]
8-MeMM8M8 M M M 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 M M M 88 [‌88‌]
Mee M M M 88 [‌88‌]
M M M 88 [‌88‌]
M M M 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 Me M Me 8 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 (MMMM)8 M 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 (MMMM)8 M 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 (MMMM)8 M 88 [‌88‌]
Mee (MMMM)8 M 88 [‌88‌]

e Meeee ee eeeeeeee 8,8-eeeeeee eeeeeee.

Mee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeee (M)-(8-eeeeeeeeee)eeeeee 88 (Meeeee 88).[‌88‌] Mee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee e eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeee eee ee eeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee e eeeeeeeeeeeeeee Meee eeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee, ee eeee eeeee, eeeee eeee eeeeeeee-eeee eee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee ee e eeeeeeee eeeeeee.

Meeeee 88 (M)-(8-Meeeeeeeee)eeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeee eeee Meeeeeeeeee[‌88‌]

Meeeeeeeeee 88

Me8 Meeeeeee (eee%) Meeeeeee (Meeee) Meeeeeeeee Meeeee (%) Mee
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) e-MeMM8M (8.8) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) e-MeMM8M (8.8) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-(MeM)8M8M8 Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) e-MeMM8M (8.8) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 88 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) e-MeMM8M (8.8) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
MeMe8(MMMe)8 (88) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) e-MeMM8M (8.8) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) e-MeMM8M (8.8) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) e-MeMM8M (8.8) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
Me(MMMMM8)8 (88) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
8,8-M8M8M8 MeMe8(MMMe)8 (88) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
8,8,8-M8M8M8 MeMe8(MMMe)8 (88) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]
MeMe8(MMMe)8 (88) MMMM/eeeeeee (8:88), 888 °M, 88 e 88 [‌88‌]

e Meeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee.

Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee

8-Meeeeeeee-8-(8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeeeee-8-ee-8-eee [88, Me8 = 8,8-(MeM)8M8M8; M8 = M; M8 = eMe; e = 8]; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌88‌]

M eeeeeee ee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (8.888 e, 8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee), 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee-8-ee-8-eee (8.888 e, 8.88 eeee, 8.88 eeeee), Me(MMMMM8)8 (8.888 e, 8.88 eeee, 88 eee%), eee Me8MM8 (8.888 e, 8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee) ee MMMM/MMM (8:88; 8.8 eM) eee eeeeee ee 88 °M eeeee eee eee 8.8 e, eeeeeee ee eeee, eee eeee eeeeeee eeee MeMMe (88 eM). Mee eeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee e Meeeee eee eee eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee 8 M ee MMe (88 eM) eee M8M (8 × 88 eM), eeeee (MeMM8), eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (MeMMe/eeeeeee 8:8) eeee eee eeee eeeeeee ee ee eee; eeeee: 8.888 e (88%).

Meeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeee 8888; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌88‌]

M Meeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eeee Me(MMMMM8)8 (8.8 ee, 8.888 eeee), eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee (88.8 ee, 8.8 eeee), eeeeeeeeee-8-eeeeeeeeee eeee (888.8 ee, 8.8 eeee), eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (8.88 eeee) ee e eeeeeeee. Mee eeee eee eeeeee eeee e eeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee. MMMM (8.8 eM), MMM (8.8 eM), eee e 8 M eeee ee eee eeeeee (8.8 eeee) ee eeeeeee (8.8 eM) eeee eeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee, eee eee eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee ee e Meeeee eeeeeeee eeeee e eeee ee M8. Mee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee 888 °M eee 8–8 e eee, eeeee eeeee eeeeeee ee eeee, eee eeeeeee eeee Me8M (88 eM) eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee e eee ee eeeeee eee. Mee eee eee eeeeee eeee Me8M (88 eM) eee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeee eee. ee Me8MM8 (88 eM) eeeeeeee ee M8M (8 × 88 eM). Mee eeeeeee eeeee eee eeeee (Me8MM8), eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee) ee eeee eee eeeeeeee.

8,8-Meeeeeeeeeeee M-Meeeeee 88; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌88‌]

Me eeee-eeeee, eeeee-eee, 88-eM eeee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeee eee eee e eeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 88 (8.88 eeee), MeM8 (888 ee, 8.88 eeee), Me(MMe)8 (8.88 ee, 8.88 eeee), eeeeee[8,8-e]eeeeeeee (8.88 ee, 8.88 eeee), eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee (88.8 ee, 8.88 eeee), eee eeeeeeee 8-Å eeeeeeeee eeeeee (888 ee; eeeee ee e eeeeeeeee). Mee eeeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeee M8 (8 ×) eee e eeeee eeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee 88 (8.88 eeee) eee eee eeeeeeee MM eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee (88 µM) ee MMM (8.8 eM) eee eeeee. Mee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee 888 °M eee 88 e, eeeeeee ee eeee ee ee, eeeeeee eeee MeMMe, eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee Meeeee/eeeeee eee. Mee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee 8 M ee MMe (88 eM), MeMMM8 eeee (88 eM), eee eeeee (88 eM), eee eeee eeeee (MeMM8) eee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eee eeeeeee.

Meeeee (M)-8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeee 88; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌88‌]

Me eeee-eeeee Meeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eeee Me(MMe)8 (8–88 eee%) eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (8.8 eeee). Mee eeee eee eeeeee eeee e eeeeee eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeee M8 (8 ×). MMMM (8.8 eM) eee e eeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeee (8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee) ee MMM (8 eM) eeee eeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeee eeeeeee eeeee ee M8 eeee, eee eee Meeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee (8 eee) ee eeeeeeeeeee (8.8–8.8 eee). Mee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeee ee 888 °M eee 88 e, eeeeeee ee eeee ee ee, eeeeeee eeee Me8M (88 eM), eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee e eee ee eeeeee eee. Mee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eeeee (8 × 88 eM), eeeee (Me8MM8), eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee, MeMMe/eeeeee) ee eeee eee eeeeeee.

Meeee (M)-8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeee 88; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌88‌]

Me eeee-eeeee Meeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eeee Me(MMe)8 (8.8 ee, 8.88 eeee, 88 eee%), eeeeee eeeeeeeee 88 (8.88 eeee, 88 eee%), eeee (8.88 eeee, 88 eee%), eee MMM (8 eM) ee e eeeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eee 88 eee ee ee. Mee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (8.8 eeee) eee eeee eeeee eee eee eeee eee eeeeee eeee e eeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee. M eeee ee eee eeeeee (8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee) ee MMM (8 eM) eee eeee eeeee eee eeeeeee eeeee M8, eee eee eeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeee eeeeeee, eeee eeeee ee M8 eeee. Mee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeee ee 888–888 °M eee 88 e, eeeeeee ee eeee ee ee, eeeeeee eeee Me8M (88 eM), eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee e eee ee eeeeee eee. Mee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eeeee (8 × 88 eM), eeeee (Me8MM8), eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee) ee eeee eee eeeeeee.

8,8-Meeeeeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeee 88; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌88‌]

Me eeee-eeeee Meeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eeee Me(MMe)8 (88 eee%) eee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (8.8 eeee). Mee eeee eee eeeeee eeee e eeeeee eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeee M8 (8 ×). MMMM (8.8 eM) eee e eeee ee eee eeeeee (8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee) ee MMM (8 eM) eeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeee eeeeeee eeeee ee M8 eeee, eee eee Meeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeee ee 888 °M eee 88 e, eeeeeee ee eeee ee ee, eeeeeee eeee Me8M (88 eM), eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee e eee ee eeeeee eee. Mee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eeeee (8 × 88 eM), eeeee (Me8MM8), eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee, MeMMe/eeeeee) ee eeee eee eeeeeee.

8-(8,8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee [88, Me8 = 8,8-(MeM)8M8M8; M8 = M8 = M8 = M]; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌88‌]

M eeeeeee ee 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (88 ee, 8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee), eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee (88 ee, 8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee), Me(MMe)8 (8 ee, 8.88 eeee, 88 eee%), eee Me8MM8 (888 ee, 8.8 eeee, 8 eeeee) ee MMMM (8.8 eM) eee MMM (88 eM) eee eeeeee ee 888 °M eee 8 e, eeeeeee ee eeee, eee eeee eeeeee eeee MeMMe (88 eM). Mee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee 8 M ee MMe (8 × 88 eM) eee eeeee (88 eM), eeeee (MeMM8), eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee) ee eeee eee eeee eeeeeee; eeeee: 88 ee (88%).

(M)-(8-Meeeeeeeee)eeeeee 88; Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[‌88‌]

M Meeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeee eee eee eeeeeee eeee Me(MMMMM8)8 (88 eee%) ee MeMe8(MMMe)8 (88 eee%), Me8MM8 (8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee), e-MeMM8M (8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee; ee eeeeeeee), eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee (8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee) ee e eeeeeeee. Mee eeee eee eeeeee eeee e eeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeee (8.8 eeee, 8.8 eeeee), MMMM (88–888 µM), eee 8,8-eeeeeee (8.8 eM) eeee eeeee eee eeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee eeeee e eeee ee M8, eee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee 88 e. Me eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeee MeMMe (88 eM) eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee e eee ee eeeeee eee. Mee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeee eee. ee Me8MM8 (88 eM) eee M8M (8 × 88 eM), eee eee eeeeeee eeeee eee eeeee (Me8MM8), eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (eeeeee eee) ee eeee eee eeeeeee.

References


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