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Faber, K.; Hall, M., Science of Synthesis: Biocatalysis in Organic Synthesis, (2015) 2, 233.
Protein engineering allows mutations of residues at selected positions within the amino acid sequence of enzymes (rational design) as well as the random mutation of one or more residues (directed evolution). Only a few mutation studies have been conducted on ene-reductases so far, all via rational or semi-rational design techniques. Mutations can improve activity on a poor substrate or increase or even reverse the stereopreference for a given substrate (Scheme 14 and Tables 7 and 8).[16,80–82] Detrimental or neutral effects can also be observed.[41,83]
Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeee eeee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee (MMMMeee) Meeeeee Meeeeeee ee Meee-Meee[88]
Me8 | Meeeee | Meeeeeeeeee (%) | Meeeee (%) | eee (%) | Mee |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Me | Mee88Mee/Mee888Mee | 88 (>88) | 88 (88) | 88 (88) | [88] |
8-MeM8M8 | Mee88Mee/Mee888Mee | 88 (88) | 88 (88) | 88 (88) | [88] |
e Meee eee eeee-eeee MMMMeee ee eeeeeeee.
Meeee 8 Meeeeeeeeeee ee Mee-Meeeeeeee Meeeeee ee Meeeee Meeeee eee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee[88,88,88]
Meeee | Meeeeeeee | Meeeee | Meeeeee | Meeeeeeeee (%) | ee (%) | Mee |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | eeee eeee MMM8 | 88 | >88e [eee-(8M,8M)] | [88] | ||
8 | Mee888Meee | >88 | >88e [eeeee-(8M,8M)] | [88] | ||
8 | Mee88Mee/Mee888Meee | 88 | >88 (M) | [88] | ||
8 | Mee88Mee/Mee888Meee | 88 | >88 (M) | [88] | ||
8 | Mee88Mee/Mee888Meee | 88 | >88 (M) | [88] | ||
8 | Mee88Meee | 88 | 88 (M) | [88] | ||
8 | Mee88Meee | 888 | 88 (M) | [88] | ||
8 | Mee88Meee | 888 | 88 (M) | [88] | ||
8 | Mee888Meee | >88 | >88 (M) | [88] | ||
88 | Mee888Meee | 88 | >88 (M) | [88] |
e ee eeeee.
e Mee eeeeee eeeeee 8 (MMM8) eeeeee.
e Mee eeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee (MeeM) eeeeee.
Meeee 8 Meeeeeeeeeee ee Mee-Meeeeeeee Mee Meeeee Meeeee 8 (MMM8) Meeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeee[88]
Meeee | Meeeeeeee | Meeeee | Meeeeee | Meeeeeeeee (%) | ee (%) | Mee |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | Mee888Mee | >88e | 88 | [88] | ||
8 | eeee-eeee MMM8 | 88 | 88 | [88] | ||
8 | Mee888Mee | 88 | 88 | [88] |
e Meee-eeeeeeeee eeeeeee (eeeeeee eeeeeee) eee eee eeeee eeeeeee.
Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee
(M)-8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (Meeee 8, Meeee 8); Meeeeee Meeeeeeee:[88]
M eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eeee (888 eM, eM 8.8; 88 eM) eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee (8 eM) eee eeeeeee eeee MeeM eeeeee Mee88Mee/Mee888Mee (8 µeee), MMM (888 M), eeeeeee (888 eM), MMMM+ (8 eM), eee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeee-8-eeeee (8.88 eeee) eeeeeeeee ee MeMM (888–888 µM). Meeee eeeeeeeeee ee 88 °M eee 8 e, eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee (MM8)8MM8 (8 e, 8.88 eee) eee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeee e-MeMMe (8 × 88 eM). Mee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeee (MeMM8) eee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee.
eee-8,8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee (Meeee 8, Meeee 8):[88]
Me e eeee ee (M)-eeeeeeeeeeeeee (8 eM, eeeee ee e eeeee eeee ee MeMM) ee M8M (8 eM) eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee 8-eeeeeeeee (88 µeee), M8MMM (8 µe), eee MMMM+ (8.8 µeee) eee eeeee eee eeeeeeee eeee-eeee MMM8 (88 µe). Mee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee ee eee 88 e eee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee MeMMe.
References
[16] | Meeee, M. M.; Meeeeeeeee, M. M.; Meeeeee, M. M., M. Me. Meee. Mee., (8888) 888, 8888. |
[41] | Meeeee, M. M.; Meeeeee, M. M.; Meeeeeeeeee, M.; Meeeeee, M.; Meeeeeee, M. M.; Meeeeeee, M. M.; Meeeeeee, M. M., MeeeMeeMeee, (8888) 88, 8888. |
[80] | Meeeeeeeeee, M.; Meeeeee, M.; Meeeee, M.; Meeeeeee, M. M.; Meeeeeee, M. M.; Meeeeeee, M. M., Meeee. Mee. Meeeeee., (8888) 8, 888. |
[81] | Meeeeeeeee, M. M.; Meeee, M.; Meeeeeeee, M.; Meeee, M. M., Mee. Meeee. Meeee., (8888) 888, 8888. |
[82] | Meeeee, M. M.; Meeeeee, M. M.; Meeeee, M.; Meeeeeee, M.; Meeeeee, M. M., MMM Meeee., (8888) 8, 888. |
[83] | Meeeee, M. M.; Meeeeeee, M.; Meeeee, M. M.; Meeeeee, M. M., Mee. Meeee. Meeee., (8888) 888, 8888. |