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21.1.5.8.1 Variation 1: The Kindler Modification

DOI: 10.1055/sos-SD-021-00115

Judd, W. R.; Katz, C. E.; Aubé, J.Science of Synthesis, (200521175.

The Kindler modification of the Willgerodt reaction involves heating the ketone, e.g. 121, with approximately equimolar amounts of sulfur and dry amines, such as ammonia and primary or secondary amines, instead of with aqueous ammonium polysulfide (i.e., the reaction occurs under anhydrous conditions). A thioamide, e.g. 122, is formed in this variation, which has become known as the WillgerodtKindler reaction (Scheme 56).

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