Science of Synthesis

Wang, X. -W.; Wang, Y.; Jia, J., Science of Synthesis: Asymmetric Organocatalysis, (2012) 1, 1.

General Introduction

In the mid-1890s, Emil Knoevenagel[‌1‌–‌4‌] found that primary and secondary amines or their salts effectively catalyze the aldol condensation of keto esters or malonates with aldehydes or ketones, thereby laying the historical foundation for the development of modern aminocatalysis.[‌5‌] Since then, the Knoevenagel reaction has evolved into an extremely important and reliable method for C—C bond formation that is frequently used in industry. Importantly, Knoevenagelʼs chemistry has inspired others to show that primary and secondary amines, amino acids, and carboxylic acid salts of amines can all serve as active catalysts for aldol-type reactions of aldehydes.[‌6‌–‌12‌]

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References